gnuino

Puro, propio, natural, legítimo

Pretender la libertad delante de la pantalla de un ordenador no parece tan extraño cuando pasas la mayor parte del día pegado a él
< Manual de introducción al Software Libre en 8 pasos >
1 > Concepto de software.
- Secuencia de instrucciones o indicaciones destinadas a ser utilizadas en un sistema informático para realizar una función o tarea o para obtener un resultado determinado, cualquiera que fuere su forma de expresión y fijación. Lo que normalmente llamamos programas de ordenador.
2 > Tipos de software:

- Software propietario: la copia y distribución es un delito.

- Shareware: tras un periodo de prueba es necesario pagar.

- Freeware: permiten la copia y distribución.

- Software libre: permiten la copia, distribución, modificación y posterior redistribución del software modificado.
3 > Richard Stallman – Precursor del software libre.

- Durante la época que trabaja como programador en el M.I.T. (Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts), el software se comparte, los programadores son una comunidad.

- En los 80 la mayoría de los programadores están ya contratados por empresas, debiendo firmar un “Nondisclosure agreement”, acuerdo de no revelar datos sobre el software que están desarrollando, y mucho menos compartirlo.

- Esto provocó que las empresas se hicieran propietarias legales del software y que la comunidad que lo compartía desapareciera.

- Richard Stallman buscó la manera de hacer posible otra vez una comunidad. ¿Como? Programando software no propietario, que se pudiera compartir.

- Su primer paso: se propuso crear un sistema operativo libre (ya que el sistema operativo es el primer programa que necesita el ordenador para funcionar). Llamó a esta idea Proyecto GNU
4 > Proyecto / Software GNU – Desarrollo de software libre.

- GNU: Acrónimo recursivo para “Gnu’s Not Unix” (Software basado en el sistema informático Unix, pero no propietario).

- Soft desarrollado por una comunidad, sin ánimo de lucro. Estás invitad@ a participar en la lista de tareas GNU (Software necesario, aún por desarrollar).

- No se debe pagar por el permiso de usarlo.

- Distribuye el código fuente (el programa escrito, sin compilar) para que, el que sepa, pueda modificar el programa según sus necesidades.

- El software propietario sólo se distribuye en binarios, listo para usar en el ordenador. Mientras que WIN y MAC mantienen el código fuente de sus sistemas operativos en secreto (sino serían también libres), GNU/Linux lo hace público.

- GNU/Linux: En 1991 Linus Torvalds programa un núcleo compatible con Unix; la combinación con soft GNU crea en 1992 el primer sistema operativo libre completo.
5 > Free Software Foundation (FSF) – Fundación para el Software Libre (FSL).

- Creada en 1985, la FSF es una organización de caridad libre de impuestos para el desarrollo de software libre.

- Acepta donaciones, pero sus ingresos provienen de la distribución de soft libre.

- El soft libre puede ser gratis o no serlo. Puedes descargarlo desde internet o puedes pedir que te envíen el software y manuales a casa.

- En 1998, parte de la comunidad deja de usar el término “free software” (software libre) por “open source software” (software de código abierto). El objetivo es evitar la confusión del término “free” (en inglés significa tanto “libre” como “gratis”). El problema viene cuando algunas empresas utilizan “open source” para que sus programas resulten atractivos o comerciales.
6 > Copyleft – Revertir el copyright.

- El software propietario tiene una licencia según la cual no eres propietario del programa, sólo puedes usarlo en un ordenador (o los que permita la licencia) y no puedes distribuirlo ni modificarlo.

- El software libre no es software de dominio público (sin copyright) para evitar versiones modificadas propietarias (que alguien le ponga copyright y lo convierta en software no libre).

- El copyleft es un método para impedir estas versiones modificadas propietarias.

- Con el software protegido con copyleft tienes permiso para usarlo, copiarlo, modificarlo y redistribuir versiones modificadas, pero NO se pueden agregar restricciones propias. Cada copia del software, aun si ha sido modificado, debe ser software libre.

- Si reservo los derechos sobre mi obra, soy su propietario, con poderes para decir que con ella puedes hacer lo que te plazca. Menos prohibir que otro haga lo mismo.

- Dos ejemplos, sacándolos del contexto del software: Wu-Ming Foundation. Aplican copyleft a sus libros, que se pueden fotocopiar y descargar de internet siempre que sean reproducciones sin ánimo de lucro (que no las vendas). Licencia arte libre (LAL). Se usa para aplicar copyleft a una obra de producción artística, ofreciendo un marco jurídico interesante para impedir cualquier apropiación abusiva.

- Los términos de distribución que usa el proyecto GNU, están contenidos en la licencia GPL (General Public License). Desarrollada por la FSF, es un contrato típico de adhesión por el que se transfieren los derechos de propiedad intelectual. El autor del software lo pone a disposición del público, que se obliga a cumplir las condiciones de la GPL desde que se distribuye el programa.
7 > Para saber si un determinado software es libre (recomendaciones de la FSF):

1 – ¿Le dan las fuentes del programa?

2 – ¿Puede modificar esas fuentes?

3 – ¿Puede distribuir lo que modifique?

4 – ¿Puede vender esas modificaciones al precio que quiera?

5 – ¿Debe añadir las fuentes obligatoriamente al distribuir?

Si la respuesta a las preguntas 1,2,3,4 es sí, es software libre. Si, además, la pregunta 5 es afirmativa, es software libre y con copyleft.
8 > Iniciativas y comunidades.

es.gnu – Filial oficial del Proyecto GNU en España

flatmate finders find a flatmate share accommodation Sydney – Share accommodation software

savannah – Development, distribution and maintenance of GNU Software

hispalinux – Asociación de Usuarios Españoles de GNU/LiNUX

caliu – Associació d’usuaris de GNU/Linux en llengua catalana

student accommodation London christian flatshare flatshare London- Free application

barrapunto – La información que te interesa sobre software libre

IT Solutions – Revista independiente sobre privacidad y seguridad en internet

spain cpsr – El capítulo español de Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility

gnome - Desktop environment for users

advantages and disadvantages of solar energy – Information on alternative energies

tldp-es – Servicios editoriales para la documentación libre en español

diariored – Noticias y análisis independientes de la actualidad de Internet

 

 

 

Sugerencias, comentarios, hosting gratuito sin publicidad o para inclusión en la lista de iniciativas y comunidades: info@gnuino.org

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About

Castellano

 

[ gnuino.org ] < Manual de introducción al Software Libre en 8 pasos >

 

>> genuino, -na: 1 adj. Puro, propio, natural, legítimo.

 

Concebida como una herramienta de iniciación al Software Libre, su utilidad, su definición e historia, la comunidad que lo mantiene y los aspectos legales en los que deriva, gnuino.org es una web para comprender conceptos básicos, permitiendo desarrollarlos mediante enlaces destacados.

 

Pretender la libertad delante de la pantalla de un ordenador no parece tan extraño cuando pasas la mayor parte del día pegado a él. Si tu trabajo e inquietudes necesitan la máquina, el resto es una sencilla suma de horas. Si ademas notas que tu producción se enmarca dentro de los límites de determinadas herramientas que utilizas (o puedes o te dejan utilizar), quizá quieras expandir esos límites utilizando otras herramientas que te permitan, si no es realizar otras funciones, sí tratar los problemas desde otro punto de vista.

 

gnuino.org 1.0 –> 04 noviembre 2003

 

desarrollo: Felix Sanchez – felix@gnuino.org

 


How to Identify The Ideal Accommodation Now!!

As a college student, you really know how significant it really is to uncover the best accommodation. While you may have many options concerning the kind of accommodation you can obtain, currently its not as easy as just finds a great place and move in next week-end, it takes time and effort to find a great flatshare.

The simplest remedy might be to rent a room, but this comes with pros and cons as well! So you might have a place to your self and iots very provate however you still are likelyt to have to share a bathroom fellow roomies and cooking facilities may not even be an option so now you have to eat out every night wish may sould cool at first however its expensive and not overly healthy. Also it could get quite lonely.

However you could find a flat and share it with someone else. This sort of lodging has many advantages over renting just a room by tis self. When you share a flat, you’ll never experience loneliness simply because you have a person to share the flat with. Also in the event you find the excellent flat as well as ideal flatmateyou will understand however cost effective it really is.

To find a flat to share or to uncover flatmates to share a the flat with might seem like a major task, but there are many roommate finder services out there which enable you to uncover the best accommodation or flatmates to share with. You may search through the news papers for flats or roommates who are looking for a flatmate finder or else you could even use online services which are better faster and provide may more options. There are web sites which are totally devoted to serving share accommodation. These websites record flats for lease, rooms for rent together with people trying to share a flat.

If you’re searching for your best possible rental experience you can even use the flatmate finders service, either seeking another person that has a flat to share or should you have a place trying to find anyone who would like to share your flat. While you may get many replies to your ad, it’s up to you to locate the correct roomie  and you need to consier what soents of thing you would like or need a in flatmate as its a 2 way street remember! Either way ,living in share accommodaiton can be one of the best experiences in life you can ever have.


Tips on how to Discover a Flatmate in London?

College students, who dream huge, commonly pick London as their destination for greater schooling. Determined by the nation they hail from, parent’s financial situation and lot of other elements, their possibilities will fluctuate. They may need to make a number of adjustments to suit the new locaiton and its economic demands. One such factor will be the expense of residing there, which tends to make it difficult to lease a area individually. Yes, as opposed to developing nations, cost of residing in developed nations is higher. The large variation in currency exchange values, make it a lot more difficult.

Even though a single can see lots of adverts for student accommodation, London, most of them are shared premises. The prime reason currently being, the cost concerned for rent a room. This can make it crucial that you find a flatmate, who’s appropriate. Those renting out a premise and then sharing it, or those that are seeking to join an currently shared premise, have equivalent troubles. The person, with whom the premise is shared, ought to be a conducive and appropriate partner. How can 1 potentially obtain this just before seriously getting with the other person?

The primary predicament with choosing a shared premise is giving up on privacy. A lot of people do not desire to compromise on their privacy. Even so, it is the 1st compromise that should be accomplished, when sharing the premise. Aside from, sharing the washroom, refrigerator other vessels and equipment and what not! Virtually all the things besides handful of standard and individual factors, every little thing including the primary regions on the premise is shared. So, the two folks need to have fantastic understanding of their rights and responsibilities and lay that out transparently. This really is the primary thing that need to be performed.

Subsequent, way of living and routines of your people need to be related. You don’t want a night owl sharing your premise and waking you up at night, whenever you have chores or studying to complete in the early morning. Apart from, the other individual can’t be a songs freak who plays loud music any time you wish to study, or bring property visitors and have exciting, whenever you are incredibly reserved and really don’t like mingling by using a great deal of folks! So, charting out tastes and preferences and just how your likely flatmate ought to be, would make important things a good deal easier if you are speaking to probable people that would like to rent a room as you really need to wat to match to an appropraite roommate other wise you will be either posting a “wanted flatmate” ad or looking a a room to rent.

Apart from all this, comprehending a couple of critical habits like smoking, drinking and most likely cleanliness etc., are extremely crucial. You really don’t want a drug addict or maybe a drunkard, if you don’t have such habits. Likewise, if you are a lot more about staying organized, you don’t want a person who keeps their location like trash! So when discussing with likely persons, it’s a excellent thought to clear up such factors. When all this can be finished diligently, there could possibly be a substantial delay with getting suitable premise, or perhaps a flatmate finder, but the wait would definitely be worth it. To search out a flatmate that is pleasant and mush like you, could make your life in an unknown position a good deal superior and thrilling when you rent a room.


Christian Flatshare ~ An Overview of Choices

If there’s 1 spot acknowledged for its schooling that is none apart from London. Aside from London, US and Australia are amongst other chosen nations for pursuing schooling. College students from different components on the globe head here and aspire to complete their graduation here. This also increases their possibility to have placement in the exact same countries, or back within their dwelling town with desirable pay packages. Although number of choose to research and get settled in these countries, some favor returning to their countries, for higher profile jobs.

When students select universities from these nations, they’ve to relocate right here, for their research. They’ve two options for accommodation, one particular utilizing the college accommodation or they can rent a room or possibly a flat. Nonetheless, the latter is not feasible for all those from establishing countries. So, they have to choose sharing their premise with fellow students. Not only will the financial burden cut down, the responsibilities will also be curbed, giving them much more time for other private tasks.

Tiny do college students know to judge men and women and realize what’s they’re as much as. For this reason, they have to have an skilled individual to verify for suitable roommates, to make certain their remain at a selected country is pleasant. Taking professional help within this regard is advisable to avoid safety matters and romantic relationship difficulties at a later date. Flatmate finders are professionals that have the knowledgeable and resources to determine the correct sharing mates.

Presently, terrorism is at its peak, let alone other criminal activities. You will find occasions when roommates had been taken to custody, for inquiry and also other legal formalities, to ensure they had been associated with a criminal activity committed by a roommate. Clashes resulting from religious beliefs are on the rise and considerably discrimination is done owing to varied religious beliefs. This a single cause why Christians select Christian Flatshare, or Muslims opt for to stay with Muslims, and so on. This way, there’s no cause to be worried about voicing out opinions, which may well otherwise be linked to religious beliefs and result in clashes.

It truly is a superb notion to leave the duty of recommending appropriate mates to specialists and loosen up, although the search is on. There are plenty of who take up component times jobs to meet mounting expenditures, so when sharing, it is necessary to think about the lifestyle, timings and also other related facts, to make certain there’s no misunderstandings or also substantially of alignments essential. When the proper mate is identified, all the things must be a breeze, in addition to, finding a friend who can of moral and physical assistance, for the duration of times of want.


How to Locate a Flatshare London?

So now, you have determined to share your premise and want to find someone for the identical. Flatshare London is among the most viewed and crowded advert room on the net, or offline. Why so? The cost living is jumping higher plus the economic climate is hitting all-time low, prompting persons to go on a saving spree.

To start out with, it really is important to perform the following when contemplating a flatshare or to rent a room or even student accommodaiton.

Identify the ideal flatmate – male / female. The gender may have considerable influence and it truly is excellent to choose what suits you greatest.

Determine the age of your respective mate – some choose sharing with those of their age, whilst some favor an totally distinct generation. It depends on your taste and preference.
List what roles and responsibilities are in question and just how you desire it shared. This list need to incorporate the list of economic obligations, cleansing and keeping the premise, repairs as well as other obligations, sharing the popular furnishings and appliance, and so forth.

List what products you may have, what you would like your mate to bring in and the way you’ll want the stuff managed. Most premises come with essential furnishings and utensils, in which the renters can go in with their clothes and start. In other situations, furnishings and appliances are the obligation of people working with a premise. Checklist out how it works at your spot and how you’d want to organize.

Determine what form of person you could share your premise with. Recall, you’ll want to share your residing space, fridge, washroom and also other popular points in your own home. Are you currently ready for it? If yes, what style of individual are you looking at to perform this?

List out what queries you’d want to ask a probable flatmate. Asking yourself why? You may be a reserved particular person and could possibly want to share the premise using a equivalent individual. You might have a preference above noise, cleanliness, chores, way of life, nightlife, drinking and smoking, and so on. All this, should sync using the person that you are sharing your premise with. Really don’t you feel you might want to be certain you both can gel nicely? How are you able to determine it? Just because the man or woman is pleasant and appears terrific? Nope, ask concerns to ascertain who the particular person actually is. Only then, you’ll be able to know in the event the person is appropriate for you.

As soon as you happen to be completed with all this, place up adverts and get in touch with a flatmate finders. Pondering why you will need the companies of a flatmate finder? Yes, the over suggestions offer you an insight of what you must do. Even so, how many is it possible to definitely talk to and clarify? Don’t you imagine it will likely be much easier to hand over the work to professionals? After you tell what you will need, they will have the ability to find a flatmate who is suitable for you as well as your lifestyle. With practical experience, they might have the ability to suggest the best particular person, ask the best inquiries and guidebook you with picking the correct room mate or even a christian flatshare. In addition to, in addition they do background examine and guarantee the individual is actually a appropriate selection, just before plunging in.


Sustaining with Photo voltaic Power, a Truth of the matter?

The price of oil is on the rise and with improving Gulf difficulties; there exists no scope of reduction with oil prices. Does that indicate you really don’t have an alternative? Totally not! While oil is often a non-renewable resource that is certainly utilized for creating energy, there exists a renewable resource, which can never ever deplete. That’s the Sun, which has been close to for centuries and it is going sturdy however. Going with sustainable energy sources is also the only solution to lessen the impacts of world wide warming.

Go Solar” can be a quite common slogan currently, though is it a practical alternative? One also can pick out passive solar power, in the course of the transition period. Although electrical energy is impertinent, there’s a technique to use option source of electrical power and reduce using electrical power.

The number of of that you are contemplating going solar? There are numerous out there that have previously performed the transition, a minimum of partially. Let us check out the strengths and disadvantages of applying Solar Energy.

Advantagesof Solar Energy
Renewable resource of energy that may never ever deplete.
• Easily offered and there is no restriction on harnessing precisely the same.
• Government provides subsidy on the solar energy gear.
• Over a time, the cash spent on shopping for Solar Power gear will be redeemed and also the rest is all profit.
• You are taking a stage towards conserving the globe.
• Your power expenses will reduce substantially.
• Having excess power? You could make arrangements to sell them off, should really you’ll need.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy:
• Cannot be harnessed when there’s nil or significantly less sunlight.
• It is likely to take longer for complete transition, because folks are more employed to electrical energy. Even so, every single bit counts.
• Needs special gear that call for any sizeable investment.
• Can be affected by change in season.

More than all, Solar Energy is a viable and helpful choice. Having said that, not a lot of are ready to do a finish transformation. Others believe, they are greater off making use of electrical power for vital tasks as well as, retain each until eventually they are comfy. Theo only key issue is with homes which can be situated in cloudy areas, or really don’t have access to sunlight for longer hours. In the event the problem is seasonal, they will retailer the energy for these lean days. Even so, if it the spot they’re positioned in, it could not be a appropriate alternative. It is crucial to consider each of the over pointed out factors, when contemplating the switch.


How to Find a London Flatshare

yChatter is a new web-site that makes it possible for people that wish to rent a room, flat, or even a property to message those that have a area, flat, or property to rent. That you are capable to send messages of up to 140 characters in length in between customers. If you have a flatshare London as an example, you may advertise it on yChatter and after that communicate with those that wish to share it with you.

Renters and real estate agents can
• Send messages to each other asking questions pertaining towards the residence or character references or location etc.
• You are able to set up viewing appointments that should function for both schedules.
• If an appointment has currently been arranged you may message each other in the event the allotted time is no lengthier suitable for either of you.
• If you are renting the residence you could even give it for the party interested in it directly.
In case you are the advertiser that you are capable to decline the possible renter at any time as well as renter can say no towards the home if they do not wish to rent it for what ever reason, and stop following it on yChatter. In either situation, yChatter will inform the other with the choice and clear away the require for any awkward phone calls.

An agent, landlord or possibly a flatmate finder can advertise a home to allow, an apartment to let or simply just rent a room, by just finishing a house profile and uploading as much as 6 photographs of the house to allow. If this is executed through your wise mobile phone having a GPS then the area may also be identified. This can also be carried out by your Pc and just enter within the residence deal with. In the event you do wish to use the sensible phone, the many photographs are initial compressed so as to cut back the information used when uploading them.
This will likely only take several minutes, nevertheless several of the facts you are going to should enter, apart from the description is expense, bond sum, number of rooms, irrespective of whether it’s shared, smoking or not, pets as well as like.
The final portion from the profile would be the description, and can contain important things like:
• Close to purchasing and public transportation.
• Close to parks and colleges.
• Gay flat share, christian flatshare close to cafes.
• Lots of off street parking.
It’s up to you what you need to post and this also will help you obtain only the renters that you just may well be keen on acquiring.

For the renters profile you’ll be able to also outline just how much you wish to devote, the kind you want to rent, be it a flat or perhaps a household and when you would really like to become able to move in. Like a renter you may only view properties that match you criteria having said that you’ll be able to browse all properties, so broaden you profile to find a flatmate today!

Should you be looking to get a shared accommodation, you are going to have the capacity to specify which characteristics in a flatmate finders you happen to be looking for. These can incorporate Gender, age, smoking or not, orientation, and regardless of whether you would accept pets or not, also as other characteristics.


Getting the correct Flatmates is Important

It is actually typically observed that it’s much easier to discover an accommodation than to locate an easy flatmate or uncomplicated room buddies. Any flatmate finder would allow you to to locate a flat but none of it can be capable to seek out you the ideal flatmate. That depends a sizable deal in your skills as well as partly on your luck. It need to have not be emphasized that your keep at a location could be created considerably much more enjoyable and memorable when you discover a good location to rent a room and also a great set of simple space buddies.

In this day and age, in which tension and pressure will be the order from the day, we require effortless going individuals all around us to help us loosen up and stay cool. We can see that there will be loads of individuals in university or during the office who boost our stress and tension and so it could be fantastic and perfect if we have a simple flatmate with whom it is possible to share a drink in the finish of a lengthy and tough day.

That is certainly why it truly is very important that you just be cautious any time you enter into an agreement for sharing a area or perhaps a flat. You’ll want to comprehend the other people today inside the area completely. In significant cities, it calls for an excellent deal of effort to obtain a great spot of accommodation and so that makes it doubly challenging for us to change the accommodation as and when we need to. So, we have to hold this in thoughts, realize that the people that are while in the space will be the ones with whom you will devote almost all of the time with and make certain that they’re compatible with your character. Should you be incredibly quiet and all your roommates are incredibly noisy and boisterous, it is going to only be a matter of time after you must begin looking for a new accommodation.

Also, a further essential point would be the goal of your take a look at. You’ll want to realize that you enter into a brand new city as portion of a task or because of the truth you need to research inside a university. So, you must make sure that your thoughts is absolutely free and relaxed adequate to suit your needs to concentrate on the occupation or your studies. In the event the time following you come household is spent on managing your roommates or your challenges with them, that fundamentally diverts your awareness and this could have devastating effects in your key function as an employee or perhaps a student.

So, it’s crucial that apart from applying a very good find a flatmate process is to discover a great accommodation, you also really need to use your social competencies to find simple room buddies. If the two of these are completed, it can make your remain during the city a memorable one that you simply would bear in mind for any prolonged time for you to come. But if any of these two fails to take place the right way, then your stay would soon develop into one that you simply would enjoy to forget.